An Overview of Koththumalli ( Coriandrum sativum. Linn )

Lakshmi priya S*¹,Essakkypandian G²

¹ PG scholar –Dept of Gunapadam,

² Lecturer -Dept of Gunapadam

Government Siddha medical college and hospital, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu ,India

Abstract:

Siddha is a comprehensive system that places equal emphasis on the body ,mind and spirit and strives to restore the innate hormony of the individual. Treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind –body system.Diet and lifestyle plays a major role not only in maintaining health but also curing diseases. Plants have been playing a key role for the betterment of mankind. Koththumalli (Coriandrum sativum) is widely used medicinal plant throughout the world. The seeds and leaves of the plant plays a crucial role in various medicinal ailments. It has been widely used as stomachic, carminative , stimulant and diuretic etc. Pharmacological activities of koththumalli has Anti fungal, Anti bacterial ,Anxiolytic , Anti depressant ,Anti convulsant ,Neuroprotective ,Anthelmintic ,Insecticidal and Anti oxidant etc. Here is a review of the characteristic chemical composition ,nutritional value and pharmacological activities of the plant

Keywords:

Siddha,koththumalli,chemical composition,pharmacology

1.INTRODUCTION:

Siddha is a comprehensive system that places equal emphasis on the body ,mind and spirit and strives to restore the innate hormony of the individual. Treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind –body system.Diet and lifestyle plays a major role not only in maintaining health but also curing diseases. Plants have been playing a key role for the betterment of mankind. The word ‘herbs’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘herba’ and an old French word “herbe”. Nowadays ,herb refers to any part of the plant like fruit, seed, stem, bark ,flower , leaf, stigma or a root as well as a non woody plant. Plants have been used for medicinal purposes long before prehistoric period. Koththumalli ( Coriandrum sativum) is widely used medicinal plant throughout the world. The seeds and leaves of the plant plays a crucial role in various medicinal ailments. It has been widely used as stomachic, carminative, stimulant and diuretic etc. Pharmacological activities of koththumalli has Anti fungal, Anti bacterial, Anxiolytic , Anti depressant ,Anti convulsant ,Neuroprotective, Anthelmintic ,Insecticidal and Anti oxidant etc. Here is a review of the characteristic chemical composition,nutritional value and pharmacological activities of the plant .

1.1.TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION :

Kingdom - Plantae

Subkingdom - Tracheobionta

Superdivision - Spermatophyta

Division - Magnoliphyta

Class - Magnoliopsida

Subclass - Rosidae

Order - Apiales

Family - Apiaceae

Genus - Corundum .L

Species - Corundumsativa

1.2.SYNONYMS:

1.Bifora loureiroi kostel

2.Coriandrum syriaca

3.Coriandrum globosum salisb

4.Coriandrum majus Gouan

5.Selinum coriandrum Krause

1.3.COMMON NAMES:

a.Tamil -koththumalli

b.Eng -coriander,cilantro,collender,chinese parsly

c.Sanskrit -dhanyaka,kusthumbari

d.Arabic -kuzbara,kuzbura

e.Chinese -yuan sui,hu sui

f.French -coriander,coriandre

g.German -koriander,wanzendill,schwindelkoren

h.Greek -koriannon,korion

i.Hindi -dhania,dhanya

j.Italian -coriandolo,coriandro

k.Japanese -koendoro

l.Portuguese-coentro,coriandro

m.Spanish -coriandro,cliandrio

n.Swedish –coriander

1.4.DISTRIBUTION:

Coriandrum sativum is probably originated from Eastern Mediterranean and it was spread as a spice plant of India, China,Russia,Central Europe and Morocco’s been cultivated since human antiquity.

1.5.DESCRIPTION:

It is an upright and short lived herbaceous plant usually growing 1-2m.

The branched stems are hairless,mostly hollow and have fine lengthwise grooves. They are pale green in color but covered in distrinctive purplish or pinkish blotches.The alternatively arranged leaves are borne on long hollow leaf stalks that tend to sheath the stem at the base to sheath the stem at their bases. They are ferny in appearance .The stem and leaves gives off a strong odour when crushed or damaged.

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The white flowers are in large numbers in dense flat -topped clusters at the tips of the branches. Individual flowers are small. The fruit turns from green to grayish brown in color as it matures and resembles a capsule. It actually consists of two –one seeded structures (mericarp) that readily split apart when the fruit is fully mature.

1.6.ACTIONS:

Stomachic, carminative, stimulant and diuretic.

1.7.PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTER:

• Total ash -not more than 6%
• Acid insoluble ash -not more than 15%
• Water soluble extractive-not more than 19%
• Alcohol soluble extractive-not more than 10%
• Volatile oil -not less than 0.3%v/w
• Moisture -87.9%(fresh leaves)

1.8.NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY :

The phytochemical screening of plant showed the presence of essential oil, tannins, terpenoids, sugars, alkaloids, flavanoids,sterols and glycosides. The most important constituents of corundum leaves and seeds were essential oil and fatty oil.The essential oil content of dried coriander fruits varies between 0.03-2.6% ,while the fatty oil content varies between 9.9-27.7%.

The major compounds present in essential oil are

• Linalool -67.7%
• Camphor -3%
• Geranial -1.9%
• Alpha pinene -10.5%
• Gama terpinene - 9%

In other hand ,HPTLC investigations showed the presence of caffeic acid ,protocatechic acid,glycitin,hyperoside,diosmin,vicenin,catechin, orientine , chyroseriol ,ferulic acid ,salicyclic acid and gallic acid etc..,

1.9.PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES :

• NERUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT:

Cori.sativum bearing water soluble compounds can induce neuroprotective activity ,while some constituents from this plant may serve as cytotoxic agents under stressful conditions like hypoglycemia.

• ANTI BACTERIAL ACTIVITY :

Coriander seeds had inhibitory effect against Escheria coli, Enterobacter cloacae, streptococci, salmonella typhi, klebsiella pneumonia and proteus mirabilis.

• ANTI FUNGAL ACTIVITY:

Petroleum ether extract of cori.sativum was investigated against infectious fungi like Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis using agar well diffusion method.

• ANTI DEPRESSANT ACTIVITY:

Diethyl ether extract of seeds of Cori.sativum has showed more significant anti depressant effect.

• ANXIOLYTIC ACTIVITY:

In the elevated plus –maze method ,aqueous extract of Cori.sativum showed an anxiolytic effect.

• ANTI OXIDANT ACTIVITY :

Anti oxidant refers to any substances in attendance at stumpy concentration in foodstuffs and capable to significantly avert oxidation by playing a responsibility in anti oxidation as a free radical scavenger, chelator, reducing agaent,singlet oxygen scavenger.

a.caffeic acid -4.34/ml

b.protocatechic acid -6.43mg/ml

c.glycitin -3.27mg/ml

These are the principle components responsible for anti oxidant activity of the aqueous coriander extract.

1.10.CONTRA INDICATIONS AND SIDE EFFECTS:

Acute toxicity studies performed on ethanolic extract of cori.sativum leaves did not show any signs and symptoms of toxicity and mortality up to 2000mg /kg dose, except centrally induced depression evidenced by alterness,motor activity and increased urination and defecation .

2.CONCLUSI0N:

This review discusses the morphology, phytochemistry, nutritional value, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Coriandrum sativum.According to the wide range of pharmacological activities of coriandrum sativum should be considered as a promising source of many drugs because of its safety and effectiveness . Although, specially, seeds, leaves and fruits from coriander in the cuisine will increase the content of Anti oxidants and thus probably prevent oxidative deterioration of food. However ,it is uncertain if quantity of spices in diet is enough to have an influence of anti oxidant defense of the body. Considering all potentials of coriander possess a tremendous prospect in it human health interventions. It will open new arrayof utilization coriander s a functional food.On the whole ,coriander is one of the “Miracle herb” in our system because its multifunctional therapeutic values and cost effectiveness.

3.DISCUSSION :

Health well being and rehabilitated diet trends,leafy vegetables and salads are gaining much significance in the human diet. Today,herbs such as a coriander are still found in 40% 0f prescription drugs. Coriander among other herbs, which might assist to elucidate some of the defensive effects observed in populations following more traditional Mediterranean diets.Currently available information on Coriander seeds and leaves are insufficient . These observations have led to continuing research aimed at identifying specific bioactive components in foods such as anti oxidants, which may responsible for improving and maintaining health.

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