Microbes removal from plants which are used in Tamil tradition - a review
R. Sukirtha1*, R.Antony Duraichi 2
1.PGscholar,Department of Gunapadam,
2.Lecturer Gr-II,Department of Gunapadam.
Government Siddha Medical College Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India
ABSTRACT
The antibacterial activity of plants have been screened because of their great medicinal relevance with the recent years, infections have increased to a great extent and resistant against antibiotics, becomes an ever increasing therapeutic problem. Tamil culture defined to removal of microorganism from the human body by applications of plant sources daily or occasionally. These good habits of Tamilians proved by scientifically by many researches. In this manner, Tamilians created life time achievements in daily routine auspicious functions such as; child birth, trans head, holding earing, puberty celebration, wedding, baby shower, death and ritual to died person, etc. all these stages doing with natural products which available in nature and believe with transforming generation to generation. In this view, following listed plants which used as antimicrobial activities in laboratory studies now. Selected plants which widely used in tamil culture such as; Turmaric – manjal, Neem – vembu, Duruva grass - Arugam pul, Dharba pul – therpai pul, Banan leaf – vazhai ilia, Mango leaf – maa ilia, and Betel – vettilai.
Key words: Tamil culture, therapeutic value, antimicrobial activity
INTRODUCTION
Tamil culture; ancient civilization of Tamilians form their own life styles in personal hygiene, food pattern, dressing and jewels, house hold things, medical system, worship god, community base structure, architecture, symbols, infra structures, sculpture, etc.
In this manner, Tamilians created life time achievements in daily routine auspicious functions such as; child birth, trans head, holding earing, puberty celebration, wedding, baby shower, death and ritual to died person, etc. all these stages doing with natural products which available in nature and believe with transforming generation to generation.
Hence, all ritual and functions involve so many plants in day to day activities. Therefore, today discussion will be about, what plant to use as specially against microbes surrounding us.
Plants; there are basic source of living being of earth. Around 35,000 species of plants recorded now and it used for so many purposes such as; food, medicine, shelter, fuel, timber, etc. in this aspect, medicinally used 2,500 plants around the world was reported by researches. In India, Especially South India originated and developed Siddha Medicine by Tamilians by around 5000 years ago which medicine base mainly in plants source. Indian medicines used 280 important medicinal plants among 2,500 plants which recorded in pharmacopoeias.
Medicinal plants used for cure diseases by their therapeutic value to presence of phytochemicals. Therapeutic values represented by pharmacological action which tested in modern scientific way. Medicinal plants revealed so many pharmacological aspects such as; anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antistroke, antiobesity, anticancer, antihypertensive, antipsychotic, etc.
In this research paper, topic delight the Microbiological way I would like to discuss on antimicrobial activity on medicinal plants mentioned in Tamil culture.
What is antimicrobial activity; ‘anti’ means against or remove. ‘Microbial’ means as we all know about microbes surrounding us. Microorganisms are classified bacteria, virus and fungi commonly. Therefore,antimicrobial means removal of microorganisms. These microorganisms live with us inside and outside of the body as commensals if any increasing of number of particular microorganism product toxins to human body. It will damage the normal physiological condition of the human body it will leads to create the pathological condition of living and it called as disease. As example, if Bacillus bacterial infection it produces diarrhoea, salmonella typhi infection caused Typhoid fever, Vibrio cholera bacterial infection leads to Cholera, candida albicans cause candidiasis as external fungal infection, etc.
So, minor disorders to major diseases caused by microorganisms therefore removal of microorganisms is major task of the medical system of the world.
In modern scientific world regulated the protocol for testing antimicrobial activity by in-vitro study as culture and loading of microbes and apply the test drug in sterile conditions and observed the resistant activity or sensitivity action on particular microorganism with standard control antimicrobial agent in short time duration.
And tropical climate countries are hot in temperature and it produces sweating in human most of the months in year. India is one of the tropical countries and we have a sweating body in all days its leads to create moister in body surface. Moister is prefer to bacterial and fungal growth therefore moister human body surface is mostly predominant to growth of microorganisms and it will cause diseases.
Therefore, Tamil culture defined to removal of microorganism from the human body by applications of plant sources daily or occasionally.
These good habits of Tamilians proved by scientifically by many researches. In this view, following listed plants which used as antimicrobial activities in laboratory studies now.
■ Turmaric - manjal
■ Neem - vembu
■ Duruva grass - Arugam pul
■ Dharba pul – therpai pul
■ Banan leaf – vazhai ilai
■ Mango leaf – maa ilia
■ Betel - vettilai
METHODOLOGY
Research Type: Literature Review
Research Design: Collection of research papers from reputed international journals from journal hub as; Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, Pubmed, etc.
RESULTS
HUMAN PATHOGEN
■ A pathogen is an infectious agent (“germ”) that cause disease or illness in a host.
■ The host is the organism in which a parasite or pathogen does damage.
■ Aside:
Path- means suffering
Ogen- means gives birth to.
Microorganism and its cause diseases in human;
■ Salmonella Enteritidis - Enteric fever
■ Staphylococcus aureus - Upper Respiratory Tract infection
■ Campylobacter jejuni - Campylobacteriosis
■ Listeria monocytogenes - Listeriosis
■ Salmonella typhi - Typhoid fever
■ Escherichia coli - Bacterial Diarrhoea
■ Bacillus subtilis - Bacterial Dysentery
■ Mycobacterium tuberculosis -TB
■ Klebsiella pneumonia - Pneumonia
■ Clostridium tetani -Tetanus
Etc.
Antimicrobial Activity:
LIST OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
■ Turmaric - manjal
■ Neem - vembu
■ Duruva grass - Arugam pul
■ Dharba pul – therpai pul
■ Banan leaf – vazhai ilai
■ Mango leaf – maa ilai
■ Betel - vettilai
TURMARIC - MANJAL
Microbial Activity:
■ Salmonella Enteritidis
■ Staphylococcus aureus
■ Campylobacter jejuni
■ Listeria monocytogenes -(Meng et al. 1998; Perreten et al. 1998; Stermitz et al. 2000).
■ Candida albicans
■ Salmonella typhi
■ Escherichia colii
■ Bacillus subtilis
■ Staphylococcus aureus - Chandrana et al. (2005) Kim et al. (2005)
Negi et al. (1999a, b) reported that turmerone
■ Bacillus cereus,
■ Bacillus coagulans,
■ Bacillus subtilis,
■ Staphylococcus aureus
■ Escherichia coli
Psuedomonas aeruginosa .
The antifungal activity of turmeric extracts was also tested against;
■ Candida albicans - Arora and Kaur (1999) and Roth et al. (1998),
■ Aspergillus niger,
■ Penicillium digitatum,
■ Aspergillus flavus,
■ Penicillium javanium,
■ Curvularia oryzae and
■ Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Kapoor 1997; Arora and Kaur 1999)
Phytochemical Constituents:
■ The antimicrobial activity of turmeric is reported to be due to the presence of essential oil, curcumins, curcuminoids, turmeric oil, turmerol and veleric acid , etc.
– (Cikricki et al. 2008; Rai et al. 2008; Basniwal et al. 2011).
Neem - vembu
Bacteria:
■ Staphylococcus aureus
■ Enterococcus feacalis
■ Proteus mirabilis
■ Pseudomonas aeuroginosa
Fungi:
■ Aspergillus fumigatus
■ Candida albicans
-Raja Ratna Reddy Y et al, 2013
■ Aspergillus flavus
■ Alternaria solani
■ Cladosporium
-D.K.Shrivastava and Kshma Swarnkar, 2014
Phytochemical Constituents:
The antimicrobial activity of Neem is reported to be due to the presence of Azadirachtin, nimbin, n-hexacosanol, isomeldenin, gedunin, alloxan, epoxyazadiredio, nimbinine, nimocinol, quercetin,beta-sitosterol, tannin etc.
Duruva Grass - Arugam pul
Bacteria:
■ Bacillus cereus
■ Bacillus subtilis
■ Escherichia coli
■ Klebsiella spp.
■ Pseudomonas aeruginosa
■ Staphylococcus aureus
■ Streptococcus pyogenes
■ Streptococcus pneumonia
Phytochemical Constituents:
Beta-sitosterol, vitexin, syingic acid, palmitic acid, ortho Hydroxy phenyl acetic acid, ferulic acid, luteolin, phytol, apigenin, beta Ionone, Eiosanoic acid, Hexadecanal, etc.
Dharba Grass – therpai pul
Bacteria:
■ Staphylococcus aureus
■ Enterococcus feacalis
■ Proteus mirabilis
■ Pseudomonas aeuroginosa
Fungi:
■ Aspergillus fumigatus
■ Candida albicans - Raja Ratna Reddy Y et al, 2013
■ Aspergillus flavus
■ Alternaria solani
■ Cladosporium - D.K.Shrivastava and Kshma Swarnkar, 2014
Phytochemical Constituents:
4’methyoxy quercetin – 7-0glucoside, quercetin, coumarins, scopoletine, umbelliferone, vanillin, elemicin, Heneicosane, triaconoic, Docosanic acid, Triacontanediol, Triacontane, Pentacosane, etc.
Banan leaf – vazhai ilia
Bacteria:
■ Bacillus subtilis (NCTC8236)
■ Escherichia coli (ATCC25922)
■ Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853)
■ Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC25953)
-Pratap Naikwade, 2018
Phytochemical Constituents:
Lignin, Rechis, apigenin glycoside, myricetin-3-o-rutionside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, dopamine, serotonin, etc.
Mango leaf – maa ilia
Bacteria:
■ Staphylococcus aureus
■ Enterococcus feacalis
■ Pseudomonas aeuroginosa
Fungi:
■ Aspergillus fumigatus
■ Candida albicans - Raja Ratna Reddy Y et al, 2013
■ Aspergillus flavus
■ Alternaria solani
- D.K.Shrivastava and Kshma Swarnkar, 2014
Phytochemical Constituents:
Mangiferin, mangiferin-methyl ether, mangiferin-O-gallate, gallotanninsgallic acid, DPPH, saponin, phenols, flavonoids, protacatecuic, methyl gallate, sodium gallate, etc.
Betel - vettilai
■
Bacillus subtilis
■ Escherichia coli
■ Klebsiella spp.
■ Pseudomonas aeruginosa
■ Staphylococcus aureus
■ Streptococcus pyogenes
■ Streptococcus pneumonia
■ Aspergillus fumigatus
■ Candida albicans
■ Aspergillus flavus
Phytochemical Constituents:
Piperol-A, piperol-B, methyl piper betol, terpinen-4-ol, safrole, allyl pyrocatechol monoacetate, eugenol, hydroxy chavicol, cadinence carvacrol, allyl catechol, chavicol, p-cymene, caryophyllene, chavibetol, cineole, estragol, etc.
Coconut leaves: thennolai thoranam
■
Bacillus subtilis
■ Escherichia coli
■ Klebsiella spp.
■ Pseudomonas aeruginosa
■ Staphylococcus aureus
■ Streptococcus pyogenes
■ Candida albicans
■ Aspergillus flavus
Phytochemical Constituents:
Auxin, indole-3-acetic acid, Cytokinin, lauric acid, polyphenol oxidase, methionine, zeatin, leucoanthocyanidins, saponins, condensed tannins, triterpen, etc.
CONCLUSION
Antibiotic resistance is a major concern and development of new agents from plants could be useful in meeting the demand for new antimicrobial agents with improved safety and efficacy (Srivastava et al 2000). In this study, it shown that the aqueous extracts of plants exhibited highest antimicrobial activity compared with the bark and seed. The difference in the antimicrobial efficacy could be due to variable distribution of phytochemical compounds in different parts. However, presence of high concentrations of phytochemicals in plants parts such as; leaves, bark, seed, root, etc might be responsible for strong antibacterial and antifungal activity.
Although crude extracts from various parts of neem have medicinal applications from time immemorial, very little work has been done on the biological activity and plausible medicinal applications of isolated compounds. Hence drug-development programmes could be undertaken to investigate the bioactivity, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of com-pounds isolated from neem plant. Newer antimicrobials from plant extracts could also be useful in food, dairy and pharmaceutical industries to prevent contamination by limiting the microbial growth. The tests performed in the current study, compared the antimicrobial efficacy of aqueous extracts of neem leaf, bark and seed which showed high, moderate and low anti-microbial activities respectively.
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