FTIR Spectroscopic analysis of Siddha herbo-mineral drug Kaaravediyuppu parpam

NJQ Tharshanodayan^⁕1, G Essakkypandian²

^⁕1 PG Scholar, ²Lecturer, Department of Gunapadam, Government Siddha Medical College,

Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli.

Abstract

In Siddha medicine the use of metals and minerals are more predominant in comparison to other Indian traditional medicine systems. Kaaravediyuppuparpam(KVP)is a herbo mineral drug in the literature of KannusamyParamparaiVaiththiyam, for Neerkattu. Aim is to characterize the KVPby the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) spectroscopic method.Drug authentication was done inPGD of Gunapadam and Medicinal Botany Department, Govt. Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai.FTIR Spectra were recorded at Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, International research center, Srivelliputhur.FTIR is perhaps the most powerful tool for identifying the types of chemical bonds (functional groups) present in compounds. The wavelength of light absorbed is characteristic of the chemical bond as can be seen in the annotated spectrum. In FTIR spectra analysis, this sample (KVP)exhibits the Peak value at 3360.00, 3062.96, 2798.71,2613.55, 2432.24, 2214.28, 2065.76, 1766.80, 1481.33, 1427.32, 1382.96, 1346.31, 1257.59, 1134.14, 1080.14 ,999.13 ,943.19 ,879.54, 827.46, 707.88, 603.72. This indicates the presence of organic functional groups such as Aliphatic primary amine, Alcohol, Aldehyde, Thiol, Nitrile, Carbodiimide, Acid Halide, Carboxylic acid, Sulfate, Sulfonyl chloride, Fluoro compound, Aliphatic ether, Primary alcohol, Alkene, 1,4-disubstituted, Benzene Derivative and Halo compound. Present work can be considered as the first step towards the identification of heavy metals and functional groups in KVP.

Key words: FTIR ,KVP, Neerkattu

1. Introduction

In Siddha medicine the use of metals and minerals are more predominant in comparison to other Indian traditional medicine systems. In the usage of metals, minerals and other chemicals, this system was far more advanced than Ayurveda. The drugs used by the Siddharscould be classified into three groups: Mooligai/Thavaram (herbal product),Thathu (inorganic substances) and Jeevamor Sangamam (animal products).SiddharNagarjuna introduced the use of mercury and its compounds to the Ayurvedic system in later periods. The use of more metals and chemicals was justified by the fact that to preserve the body from decomposing materials that do not decompose easily should be used. The other reason perhaps was that the south Indian rivers were not perennial and herbs were not available all through the year ⁽¹⁾.

The Siddha medicines meant for the human body are prepared, based on the theory of Panchabuthas (metals of gold, lead, copper, iron and zinc). Gold and lead are used for the maintenance of the body. Iron, the only metal attracted by the electric power of the magnet, and zinc, used for generating electricity, are employed in the medicines, which are administered for the extension of life, and copper is used for the preservation of heat in the body. The learned modern scientists of today have yet to know the rejuvenation theories followed by Siddhars of Tamil Nadu in ancient times^(2),(3).

Kaara vediyuppuparpam is a herbo mineral drug in the literature ofKannusamyParamparaiVaiththiyam, for neerkattu ^(4).Siddha Herbo-mineral formulations are gaining popularity worldwide due to the presence of nano size particles which have properties like increased bioavailability, minimal side effect, and longer shelf life period and need less therapeutic dosage. Therapeutic activity of a herbo- mineral formulation depends on its phytochemical constituents. Standardization is a system that ensures a predefined amount of quantity, quality and therapeutic effect of ingredients in each dose ^(8). Standardization is an important step for the establishment of a consistent biological activity, a consistent chemical profile, or simply a quality assurance program for the manufacturing of an herbal drug ⁽⁹⁾. The Siddha Pharmacology (Gunapadam) now undergoes numerous scientific validations and standardization methods for their safety and efficacy which in turn confirms the safety of these time tested formulations. Herbal, Mineral, Animal product cannot be considered scientifically valid if the drug tested has not been authenticated and characterized in order to ensure reproducibility in the manufacturing of the product. Till date, lesser studies have been conducted on standardization of such preparations. So, an attempt was made to ensure the formulation^(10).

2. Objective

To Characterize the Kaaravediyuppuparpamby the FTIR spectroscopic method.

3. Methodology

FTIR spectrometers have almost entirely replaced dispersive instruments because of

their better performance in nearly all respects. The application of this technique has im-

proved the acquisition of IR spectra dramaticall

3.1. Ingredients

Following ingredients were used to prepared Kaaravediyuppuparpam.

Vediyuppu (Saltpetre - Potassium Nitrate) - 2 palam (70gm)

Vengaram (Borax - Sodium bi borate) - 2 palam (70gm)

Nirmullisampal (Long leaved barleria (ash of Hygrophilaauriculata ) - 2 palam (70gm)

Eggyolk - Need full⁽⁴⁾

3.2. Authentication of drug

Post Graduate Department of Gunapadamand Medicinal Botany Department, Govt. Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai,Tirunelveli , authenticate the identification of Herbo mineral drug.

3.3. Purification of raw drugs

The purification of this drug is as follows as illustrated in Gunapadam ThathuJeevaVagupu⁽⁵⁾.

3.3.1 Vediyuppu ( Saltpetre)

For 1 part of Vediyuppu, 4 part of water is added and then heated. When it begins to boil, add 4 eggs white. The impurities begin to flake and remove them. The above contents are of semisolid consistency is transferred to another vessal and keep it in a moisture free place. In the next day, the water is drained and dried in the sunlight. Repeat the process for seven times⁽⁵⁾.

3.3.2 Vengaram (borax)

The salt is fried in an earthen plate until the moisture content in it completely isevaporated⁽⁵⁾.

3.3.3 Nirmulli ( Hygrophilaauriculata )

Clean the whole plant with purified water and dried in the sunlight. Then made it into ash by burning^{(5) (6)}.

3.4 Preparation method

All the above purified ingredients are ground with egg white yolk ( Alumen off egg ) to a waxy consistency and made into small disc ( villai ) and dried. Then the disc are cut into small pieces and placed in a mud flask and covered with a mud plate and sealed with clay cloth. Then it is subjected into incineration process with 7 - 8 cow dung cakes. After cooling, the processed medicine removed from the mud flask, grind into a fine powder and preserved in a glass container^{(4), (5)}.

3.5. Shelf life:

75 years

3.6. Dosage:

2 – 3 Kundrimani(260- 390 mg)BID- morning and evening with Tender coconut.

3.7.Indication:

Relief Anuria, Causing diuresis ^(4).

3.8.Details regarding the analysis

FTIR Spectra were recorded at Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University), International research center, Srivelliputhur.

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR)

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) is perhaps the most powerful tool for identifying the types of chemical bonds (functional groups) present in compounds. The wavelength of light absorbed is characteristic of the chemical bond as can be seen in the annotated spectrum. By interpreting the infrared absorption spectrum, the chemical bonds in a molecule can be determined⁽⁷⁾.

4. Results and Discussion

Fig1: Image of the FTIR spectrum of Kaaravediyuppuparpam

Table1: FTIR Data interpretation of Kaaravediyuppuparpam

In FT-IR spectra analysis, this sample Kaaravediyuppuparpam exhibits thePeak value at 3360.00, 3062.96, 2798.71,2613.55, 2432.24, 2214.28, 2065.76, 1766.80, 1481.33, 1427.32, 1382.96, 1346.31, 1257.59, 1134.14, 1080.14 ,999.13 ,943.19 ,879.54, 827.46, 707.88, 603.72, respectively havingN-H Stretching, O-H Stretching, C-H Stretching, C-H Stretching, S-H Stretching, C , N=C=N Stretching, C=O Stretching, C-H Bending, O-H Bending, S=O Stretching, S=O Stretching, C-F Stretching, C-O Stretching, C-O Stretching, C=C Bending, C=C Bending, C=C Bending, C-H Bending , C=C Bending and C-Br Stretching.This indicates the presence of some organic functional groupssuch asAliphatic primary amine, Alcohol, Aldehyde, Thiol, Nitrile, Carbodiimide, Acid Halide, Carboxylic acid, Sulfate, Sulfonyl chloride, Fluoro compound, Aliphatic ether, Primary alcohol, Alkene, 1,4-disubstituted, Benzene Derivative and Halo compound.Present work can be considered as the first step towardsthe identification of heavy metals and functional groups in Kaaravediyuppuparpam. Thepresent study is only a preliminary analysis, and exact nature ofdifferent peaks given by the sample along with the characterizationis to be studied.

5. Conclusion

The instrumental analysis FTIR study for Kaaravediyuppuparpamshows the presence of functional groups through the stretch and bends which responsible for its functional activity. It was to subject for further many studies to validate its efficacy and safety through proper standardization procedure. For its potency.

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