The consequential role of Hygrophila auriculata (schumach) heine Ash in Oedema and Renal stone management
NJQ Tharshanodayan⁕1, P Rohini 2
⁕1 PG Scholar, Department of Gunapadam, Government Siddha Medical college,
(The Tamilnadu Dr.M.G.R Medical university Chennai, Tamilnadu, India), Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli(627002),Tamilnadu, India.
2 Medical Officer, District Siddha Hospital, Mannar, Srilanka.
ABSTRACT
Herbal medicine is still the backbone of about 75-80% of the total population, mainly in developing nations. Kalladaippu (gravel) referred to renal stone and Sobai noi (dropsy) referred to oedema in Siddha medicine being treated with Neermulli saambal (Ash of Hygrophila auriculata). Aim is to evaluate the significant role of H. auriculata ash in reducing oedema and renal stone. A review was conducted in following. Thesis, research articles and the journals were referred through globally accepted websites. To obtain additional data, a manual search was performed using the reputed Siddha literatures. H.auriculata is belonging to Acanthaceae family has been advocated for the treatment of variety of diseases . As per our tradition plant has been used in the treatment of jaundice, hepatic obstruction, rheumatism, inflammation, urinary infection, gout and malaria. The plant has been reported to contain flavonoids, alkaloids, aliphatic, esters, minerals, sterols, triterpenes lupeol, hentricotane, betulin, luteolin. Earlier scientific investigation reported bioactivities are anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, diuretic, demulcent, refrigerant and erythropoietic activities. Unique phyto- constituents regarding their biological potentials of H.auriculata and pharmacological actions demonstrated the application of H. auriculata ash make significant role in reducing oedema and renal stone.
Key word: Neermulli sambal , Edema , Renal stone, Vatham
INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants are the nature’s gift to human being to cure disease and make healthy life. Herbal medicine is still the backbone of about 75-80% of the total population, mainly in developing nations, for primary health care because, better compatibility with the human body and fewer side effects (Barmet, 1992). Herbal medication, also called botanical treatment or phyto medicine, denotes to the use of any plant's parts such as seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark, or flowers for medicinal purposes. (Bopana & Saxena, 2007). Kalladaippu (gravel) referred to renal stone and Sobai noi (dropsy) referred to Oedema in Siddha medicine being treated with Neermulli saambal (Ash of Hygrophila auriculata). It was using internally and externally (Kirtikar, K. R. and Basu, B. D,2005), (Rustomjee Naserwanjee Khory), (Jeyavenkadesh J). Belongs to Acanthaceae family has been advocated for the treatment of variety of diseases including most commonly diabetes and dysentery (Vishnu et al ,2015). As per our tradition, roots, seeds, and aerial parts of the plant has been used in the treatment of jaundice, hepatic obstruction, rheumatism, inflammation, urinary infection, gout and malaria. As per our tradition Hygrophila auriculata have sweet and pungent taste, cold potency and sweet distribution. (Nadkarni A. K, 2007) (Kirtikar K. R. and Basu B. D, 2005). The plant has been reported to contain flavonoids (apigenin 7-O-glucuronide, apigenin 7-O-glucoside), alkaloids (asteracanthine and asteracanthicine), aliphatic esters (25-oxo-hentricontyl acetate, methyl-8-hexyltetracosanoate), minerals (Fe, Cu, Co), sterols (stimagsterol), triterpenes lupeol, hentricotane, betulin, luteolin, luteolin 7-O-rutinosides) (Vishnu S. Neharkae et al, 2015). Earlier scientific investigation reported bioactivities are anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities, diuretic activity, demulcent, refrigerant, erythropoietic, anti-tumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, anthelmintic, anti-nociceptive, antimotility activity, free radical scavenging activity, hepatoprotective, and hypoglycemic activities (Salve SD, Bhuktar AS 2017). Physicochemical Parameters of H.auriculata reported total ash 17.83, acid-insoluble ash 7.13, water-soluble ash 1.87 , sulphated ash 12.53, and moisture content 8.50 . H.auriculata had high Ash% (17.83) that signifies their high mineral contents (Patra Arjun et al ,2009). H. auriculata is rich source of Cu 173.09 Fe 417.48 Zn 72.79 and Mn 60.56 in ppm, which signifies its role in haemopoetic activities in body. Minerals in (international journal of Health research. Vol 2 no.1 2009). Unique phytoconstitiuents regarding their biological potentials of H. auriculata and pharmacological actions demonstrated the application of H. auriculata ash make significant role in reducing oedema and renal stone.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the significant role of Hygrophila auriculata ash in reducing oedema and renal stone.
METHODOLOGY
A review was conducted in following. Thesis, research articles and the journals were referred through globally accepted websites. To obtain additional data, a manual search was performed using the reputed Siddha literatures.
Literature review
Profile of the Hygrophila auriculata (K. Schum) Heine
Figure 1: Hygrophila auriculata
Synonyms Asteracantha longifolia Nees, Barleria auriculata Schum, Barleria longifolia Linn is described in the Ayurvedic literature as Ikshura, Ikshagandha and Kokilasha having eyes like the kokila or the Indian cuckoo (Nadkarni A. K ,2007). Generally occurring wild herb belonging to Acanthaceae family has been advocated for the treatment of variety of diseases including most commonly diabetes and dysentery (Vishnu et al ,2015). As per our tradition, roots, seeds, and aerial parts of the plant has been used in the treatment of jaundice, hepatic obstruction, rheumatism, inflammation, urinary infection, gout and malaria (Jain SK, 1991).
Traditional aspect of Cissus quadrangularis (L) Wall. Ex. Wight
Synonyms:
English : Hygrophila, Marsh Barbel
Hindi : Talimkhana
Sanskrit : Kokilaksha, Ikoura
Gujarati : Ekhro
Marathi : Talimkhana, Vikhra, Kolsunda
Bengali : Shulamardan
Kannada : Kalavankabija
Tamil : Nirumuli
Malayalam : Voyal-chullai
Telugu : Kokilakshi
Parts used: Whole plant, Seeds, Root, Leave
Properties:
Taste → Sweet taste and mild pungent taste
Potency → Cold
Distribution → Sweet taste
Actions:
Leaves: Tonic, Aphrodisiac, Hypnotic, Diuretic, Demulcent.
Flower and Root : Refrigerant, Diuretic, Demulcent and tonic
Seeds : Diuretic and Aphrodisiac
The roots, seeds, and aerial parts of the plant are widely used in the traditional system of medicine for the treatment of jaundice, hepatic obstruction, rheumatism, inflammation, pain, urinary infection, edema, gout, malaria, impotence and as an aphrodisiac (Jain S. K, 1991). A tincture of the whole plant is beneficial in urinary affections, dysuria, and painful micturition. A root decoction drunk to combat rheumatism, gonorrhea, and hepatic obstruction. The leaves are diuretic, sweet, tonic, aphrodisiac, hypnotic and useful in the treatment of cough, diarrhoea, thirst, urinary calculi, urinary discharges, inflammations, joint pain, eye diseases, pains, ascites, anemia, and abdominal disorders. An aqueous extract of the herb is taken orally as diuretic, spasmolytic and hypotensive. The herb exhibits antihepatotoxic activity in dogs. The oil extracted from the whole plant is antibacterial. (Nadkarni A. K, 2007) (Kirtikar K. R. and Basu B. D, 2005).
Renal stone
The incidence of kidney stone formation in pediatric patients is increasing at a rate of about 5–10% every year. Kidney stones are linked with higher risk of heart disease, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and reduced amount of minerals in the bones. Many young patients being diagnosed with kidney stones is a matter of great concern (Jeyashree Sundaram ,2018). A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis , or in the ureters . Kidney stones include calcium oxalate stones, cystine stones, struvite stones, and uric acid stones (Source: NIH - National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)
Siddha aspect of Kalladaippu (Renal stone)
The clinical features of Urolithiasis can be correlated to those of Kalladaippu found mentioned in siddha literatures. In siddha texts, it is described as a disease characterized by pain in the tip of genitalia, sudden intermittent obstruction flow of urine, low back pain, pain in loin and groin and presence of small sand like stones in urine. One of the Siddhars named Yugi Munivar in his treatiseYugi vaidhya chinthamani 800, elaborately deals with Kalladaippu under the chapter Kalladaippu Roga nithanam. In this work he has documented in an orderly manner the knowledge of this disease all that is available before him and during his time. There are also evidences of this disease in the works of other prominent Siddhars like Theran and Agathiyar. Some of the common clinical features of this disease found in siddha literature are burning micturition, intermittent flow of urine, nausea and vomiting, fever, low back ache radiating to loin and groin up to the tip of the genitalia and less frequently hematuria, diarrhea and headache. Factors of diet and lifestyle causes derangement of Vatham and Pitham uyir thathukkal (humours). Vatham (vali) produces dryness and Azhal (Pitham) produces heat. This derangement of humors resulting in increase of dryness and heat in the body leads to concentration of urine and formation of stones. Due to derangement ofVatham, Abanan, which is one of the components of ten Vayu (Vali/Vatham), is also affected. Abanan, as already mentioned is necessary for the proper functioning of the reflex mechanisms related to excretory and reproductive systems. All these lead to the onset of the disease and the associated signs and symptoms (Uththammarayan K S ,2013) & (Murugesa mudaliyar KS ,2013).
Oedema
Swelling caused by the build-up of excess fluids in the body is called oedema. It is an accumulation of excessive amount of watery fluid in cellular tissues. Oedema may be generalized or local. Generalized edema result in dysfunction of the heart, liver, kidney and endocrine dysfunctions. Localized edema, which is more prevalent among those who do not exercise at all and stand or sit still for a long time, may be limited to specific area such as the ankles or leg resulting in venous or lymphatic or inflammation (Wen –ping zhang et al, 2017). This causes an increase in weight and swelling at places where the tissue is lax and fluid accumulation is possible, e.g. puffiness of face, around ankle, bipedel oedema etc (Yashpal Munjal). Modern treatment of oedema depends on underlying cause, reversal of the underlying condition is the basis of treatment, dietary sodium restriction and diuretic therapy in pitting edema.
Siddha aspect of Shobai (Oedema)
Oedema is explained as Shobai in Siddha medicine. According to Siddha, Kapha, and Pitta enter in the vessels and afflicts Vatham. As a result, the channel of circulation gets obstructed which spreads to the nearby areas, leading to Shobai (Swelling) (Kuppusamy Muthaliyar K N ,2004).
Preparation method of Ash
Raw material: The fresh plants of Hygrophila auriculata (K. Schum) Heine were collected from the field. H. auriculata was shade dried. Burnt on earthen plate. Kept to cool and collected the ash. Made fine powder by Vasthirakaayam and kept on airtight glass bottle.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Treatment includes Agnideepana & Aampachana, that helps to increase appetite & to destroy the obstruction. H. auriculata had only 16.89% ADF and 28.95% NDF that proves its easy digestibility in our system. Proximate composition revealed that H.auriculata had 16.98% DM , Crude protein was 25.67% in H. auriculata. The leaves represent a rich protein source to be consumed as herbal meat. Supplement or for the weak debilitated patients. H. auriculata had 12.28% ether extracted oils which is rich source of different alkaloids with medicinal values. It had high ash% that signifies their high mineral contents. Those Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn which signifies its role in haemopoetic activities in body. The plant has been reported to contain flavonoids, alkaloids, aliphatic, esters, minerals, sterols, triterpenes lupeol, hentricotane, betulin, luteolin. In oedema treatment dietary sodium restriction there. H. auriculataha was not containing Na mineral.
CONCLUSION
Phytochemical screening reveals the presence of flavonoids (apigenin 7-O-glucuronide, apigenin 7-O-glucoside), alkaloids (asteracanthine and asteracanthicine), aliphatic esters (25-oxo-hentricontyl acetate, methyl-8-hexyltetracosanoate), minerals (Fe, Cu, Co), sterols (stimagsterol), triterpenes lupeol, hentricotane, betulin, luteolin, luteolin 7-O-rutinosides). Pharmacological investigation revealed significant anti-inflammatory, antipyretic activities, diuretic activity, demulcent and refrigerant activities. The review justifies the use of H.auriculata ash in the siddha medicine make significant role in reducing oedema and renal stone. That medicated ash has definitely a significant role in controlling the edema and renal stone. Further researches should be conducted on other various measures to gain confidence over the Siddha’s natural discipline.
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