Phytochemical and biochemical analysis of Siddha preparation Aya Chendhooram

G. Ragavi¹, Dr. R. Antony Duraichi²

1 .P.G scholar, Department of Gunapadam, Govt.Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai.

2. Lecturer Grade II, Department of Gunapadam, Govt.Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai.

ABSTRACT:

BACKGROUND :

The Aya chendhooram is a herbo mineral combination used for Madhumegam, Utchoodu, Ratha kuraivinaal undaagum pala pinigal.

AIM & OBJECTIVE:

To do Phytochemical and Biochemical analysis for the drug Aya chendhooram.

MATERIALS AND METHOD:

The drug was prepared as per the method mentioned in classical Siddha literature Kannusaamy pathartha guna vilakkam Thadhu – Jeeva vargam . The ingredients such as Ayam, Kadukkai, Nellikkai, Thandrikkai, Seenthil kodi, Naaval pazham and Naaval pattai. The drug is subjected to phytochemical and biochemical analysis .

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The phytochemical analysis shows the presence of important phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavanoids and tannins. The biochemical analysis shows the presence of calcium, sulphate, chloride, ferric iron, ferrous iron, phosphate and amino acids.

CONCLUSION:

The Siddha formulation Aya chendhooram containing ingredients such as Ayam, Kadukkai, Nellikkai, Thandrikkai, Seenthil kodi, Naaval pazham and Naaval pattai was evaluated for its phytochemical and biochemical analysis provides important information which can be used as a fingerprint of herbo mineral preparation Aya chendhooram.

Keywords : Herbomineral, Aya chendhooram, Siddha drug, Phytochemical and Biochemial analysis

INTRODUCTION

Siddha system of medicine is the ancient unique and potent system. Siddha medical system is one of the classical medical system consisting of Herbals, metals, minerals and animal origins.

Siddha system of medicine is the most primitive medical system in the world. The medical system was first originated by first Siddhars called lord siva. Siddhar's where those who were not only a physician but also social reformers, they were expertise in the field of medicine, natural science alchemy, astrology, chemistry etc.

The Aya chendhooram is one of the Siddha drug choosed from the text "Kannusaamy pathartha guna vilakkam Thadhu - Jeeva vargam" ^[1].The use of scientific tool is essential to validate the traditional claim. Though Siddha drug is considered to be safe and effective it is almost duty of the physicians to standardizing the Siddha prepared medicine before trying out in human being. It required standardization for globally acceptance. The drug is a herbo-mineral drug contain only one mineral Ayam and the others are herbal ingredients.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this study is to do phytochemical and Bio-chemical analysis for fingerprinting the drug" Aya chendhooram ".

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

INGREDIENTS OF THE PREPARATION^[1]:

Table:1 Ingredients of Aya chendhooram

PURIFICATION OF RAW DRUG:

1.Ayam:

Soak the Aya podi in naaval pazha juice and keep it in sunlight for drying. And repeat this process for six times ^{[2], [4]}.

2.Kadukkai:

Remove the seeds and dusts from kadukkai^[3].

3.Nellikkai:

Remove the seeds and dusts from nellikkai.

4.Thanrikkai:

Remove the seeds and dusts from thanrikkai.

5.Seenthil Kodi:

Remove the outer skin and dry in sunlight.

6.Naaval pazham:

Remove the dust particles and seeds.

6.Naaval pattai:

Remove the outer skin.

PROCESS OF PREPARATION:

All the above ingredients except Naaval pazham and Naaval pattai was taken 5 palam (175gm) are finely powdered and taken in a wide mouthed mud pot. Pour the Naaval Pazha juice 1padi (1340 ml) and covered the pot with cotton cloth ( Seelai) and keep aside for three months without any disturbance. Then add Naaval Pattai juice which was prepared by using Tender Coconut then covered with cotton cloth and keep it for three months. Remove the content which was totally soaked in six month and powder it. Then it is placed in iron pan and burns with the high flame (Kaadakkini).When this drug is turned into red hot condition add ½ padi (670 ml) cow’s ghee. It gets fired and allow it to cool. Now the iron is slightly reddish to see.

Then it is placed in stone mortar and it is triturated with Naaval pattai juice for four Saamam (12 hours) and made into cakes, and dry it. Then the cake is placed in earthen plate and covered with another earthen plate and sealed with pure ant-hill mud plaster. Then it is subjected into incineration process by using 120 cow dung cakes. This process is repeated five times for make high standard Chendhooram. Finally Chendhooram is obtained and stored in air tight container^[1].

DOSAGE:

½ - 1 kundriedai (65 – 130mg) ^[1]

ADJUVENTS:

Honey or Ghee^[1]

INDICATIONS:

Madhumegam ( Diabetes mellitus), Utchoodu (Latent caloric heat), Ratha kuraivinaal undaagum pala pinigal (Anaemic disorders ) ^[1].

SHELF LIFE :

75 Years^[2],[4]

ANALYTICAL PARAMETERS:

The analytical parameters such as Phytochemical analysis and Biochemical analysis were studied.

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF AYA CHENDHOORAM

The siddha preparation Aya chendhooram was prepared and used for phytochemical and Biochemical analysis.

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Phytochemicals, chemical compounds that occur naturally in plants (phyto means "plant" in Greek), are responsible for color and biological properties. The term is generally used to refer to those chemicals that may have biological significance but are not established as essential nutrients.

The following tests are used for the analysis of phytochemicals as described by Harborne and Onwukaemeand coworkers, 1999 were carried on alcoholic extract of plant.

1. Alkaloids

Dragandroff’s test

8gm of Bi(No₃)₃. 5H₂O was dissolved in 20 ml HNO₃ and 2.72g of potassium iodide in 50 ml H₂ O.These were mixed and allowed to stand. When KNO₃ crystals out, the supernatant was discarded off and made up to 100 ml with distilled water. The alkaloids were regenerated from the precipitate by treating with Na₂CO₃ followed by extraction of the liberated base with ether.

To 0.5ml of alcoholic solution of extract added to 2.0 ml of HCl. To this acidic medium 1.0 ml of reagent was added. An orange red precipitate produced immediately indicates the presence of alkaloids.

2. Flavanoids

To 0.5ml of alcoholic solution of extract, 5-10 drops of dilute HCl and a pinch of Magnesium chloride were added and solution was boiled for a few minutes. Presence of reddish pink or dirty brown colour indicates the presence of flavanoids.

3. Saponins

In a test tube containing 0.5 ml of aqueous extract, a drop of sodium bicarbonate was added. The mixture was shaken vigorously and kept for 3 minutes. A honey comb like froth was formed and it showed the presence of Saponins.

4. Phenol

Ferric chloride test

To 2 ml of alcoholic solution of extract, 2 ml of distilled water followed by drops of 10% aqueous solution of FeCl₃ solution were added. Formation of blue or green colour indicates the presence of phenols .

5. Steroids

Salkowski test

To 2ml of chloroform extract 1ml of concentrated H₂SO ₄ was added carefully along the sides of test tube. A red ring was produced in the chloroform layer in the presence of steroids.

6. Glycosides

A small amount of alcoholic extract was dissolved in 1 ml of H₂O and the aqueous NaOH solution was added. Formation of yellow colour indicates the presence of glycosides.

7. Tannins

Ferric chloride test

To 1-2 ml of aqueous extract, few drops of 5% ferric chloride solution were added. A bluish black colour which disappears in addition of a few ml of sulfuric acid, there is no formation of yellowish brown precipitate.

8. Terpenoids

To 2ml of chloroform extract 1ml of conc.H₂SO₄ was added carefully along the sides of the test tube. In presence of terpenoids , red colour was produced in chloroform layer.

BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS

100mg of the drug was weighted accurately and placed into a clean beaker added a few drops of cons. hydrochloric acid and evaporated it well. After evaporated cooled the content and added a few drops of concentrated nitric acid and evaporated it well. After cooling the content add 20ml of distilled water and dissolved it well. Then it is transformed it to 100 ml of volumetric flask and made upto100 ml with distilled water. Mix well. Filtered it. Then it taken for analysis.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS:

Test for Calcium:

2ml of the above prepared extract is taken in a clean test tube. To this add 2ml of 4% Ammonium oxalate solution. Formation of white precipitate indicates the presence of calcium.

Test for Sulphate:

2ml of extract is added to 5% barium chloride solution. Formation of white precipitate indicates the presence of sulphate.

Test for Chloride:

The extract is treated with silver nitrate solution. Formation of white precipitate indicates the presence of chloride.

Test for Carbonate:

On treating the extract with concentrated hydrochloric acid giving brisk effervescence indicates the presence of carbonate.

Test for starch:

The extract is added with weak iodine solution. Formation of blue colour indicates the presence of starch.

Test for Ferric iron

The extract is acidified with glacial acetic acid and potassium ferro cyanide. Formation of blue colour indicates the presence of ferric iron.

Test for Ferrous iron

The extract is treated with concentrated Nitric acid and ammonium thio-cyanate solution. Formation of blood red colour indicates the presence of ferrous iron.

Test for Phosphate:

The extract is treated with ammonium molybdate and concentrated nitric acid. Formation of yellow precipitate indicates the presence of phosphate.

Test for albumin:

The extract is treated with Esbach`s reagent. Formation of yellow precipitate indicates the presence of albumin.

Test for tannic acid:

The extract is treated with ferric chloride. Formation of bluish black precipitate indicates the presence of tannic acid.

Test for unsaturation:

The extract is treated with potassium permanganate solution. The dis-colourization of potassium permanganate indicates the presence of unsaturated compounds.

Test for the reducing sugar:

5ml of Benedict`s qualitative solution is taken in a test tube and allowed to boil for 2 minutes and added 8-10 drops of the extract and again boil it for 2 minutes. Any colour change indicates the presence of reducing sugar.

Test for amino acid:

One or two drops of the extract is placed on a filter paper and dried it well. After drying, 1% Ninhydrin is sprayed over the same and dried it well. Formation of violet colour indicates the presence of amino acid.

Test for Zinc:

The extract is treated with potassium ferro-cyanide. Formation of white precipitate indicates the presence of zinc^[5].

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS :

Table:2 Phytochemical screening of Aya chendhooram

The medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemical active substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The most important of these bioactive constituents of plants are alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids . [Edeogal, et.al, 2005]

The Phytochemical screening of the alcohol and aqueous extracts of plant samples are revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins in all the plant extract.

Table:3 Biochemical screening of Aya chendhooram

The Biochemical analysis shows the presence of Calcium, Sulphate, Chloride, Ferric iron, Ferrous iron, Phosphate and Amino acids.

Calcium is essential for bone health^[5].

Sulphate important role for the anti – microbial activity^[5].

Chloride regulates the acid base balance of the body fluids, by maintaining the osmotic pressure of the body fluids^[5].

Iron is easily soluble and readily absorbed from intestine and involved ^[5].

Amino acids, like arginine, help the arteries of the body retain elasticity, which prevents them from stretching out and allowing fluid to collect.

CONCLUSION:

The Siddha formulation Aya chendhooram containing ingredients such as Ayam, Kadukkai, Nellikkai, Thandrikkai, Naaval pazham and Naaval pattai was evaluated for its phytochemical and Bio-chemical analysis provides important information which can be used as a fingerprint of herbo mineral preparation Aya chendhooram.

REFERENCES:

1. Si.Kannusaamy pillai, Pathartha guna vilakkam Thadhu – Jeeva vargam. Rathina naayakkar and sons, Chennai 79.

2. Anaivari Anandan.R A.K. Pari (Ed.,) Siddha Materia Medica Medicinal Plant division, Chennai, Department of Indian Medicine and Homeopathy.

3. K.S. Murugesa Muthaliyar, Gunapadam Mooligai vaguppu (part-I), Indian medicine – Homeopathy department, chennai-106

4. Dr. R. Thiyagarajan, Gunapadam Thathu Jeeva Vaguppu – L.I.M, page no. 369-372

5. Sathyanarayana, Bio-chemistry book Allie pvt.Ltd, Kolkatta, Second edition